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Natural adv examples

A Harder ImageNet Test Set (CVPR 2021)

From hendrycks·Updated May 26, 2026·View on GitHub·

We introduce [natural adversarial examples](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07174) -- real-world, unmodified, and naturally occurring examples that cause machine learning model performance to significantly degrade. The project is written primarily in Python, distributed under the MIT License license, first published in 2019. Key topics include: adversarial-attacks, adversarial-example, domain-generalization, imagenet, ml-safety.

Natural Adversarial Examples

We introduce natural adversarial examples -- real-world, unmodified, and naturally occurring examples that cause machine learning model performance to significantly degrade.

Download the natural adversarial example dataset ImageNet-A for image classifiers here.

Download the natural adversarial example dataset ImageNet-O for out-of-distribution detectors here.

<img align="center" src="examples.png" width="400"> Natural adversarial examples from ImageNet-A and ImageNet-O. The black text is the actual class, and the red text is a ResNet-50 prediction and its confidence. ImageNet-A contains images that classifiers should be able to classify, while ImageNet-O contains anomalies of unforeseen classes which should result in low-confidence predictions. ImageNet-1K models do not train on examples from “Photosphere” nor “Verdigris” classes, so these images are anomalous. Many natural adversarial examples lead to wrong predictions, despite having no adversarial modifications as they are examples which occur naturally.

Citation

If you find this useful in your research, please consider citing:

@article{hendrycks2021nae,
  title={Natural Adversarial Examples},
  author={Dan Hendrycks and Kevin Zhao and Steven Basart and Jacob Steinhardt and Dawn Song},
  journal={CVPR},
  year={2021}
}

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This article is auto-generated from hendrycks/natural-adv-examples via the GitHub API.Last fetched: 6/16/2026