Hibernate orm

== Hibernate ORM

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Hibernate ORM is a powerful object/relational mapping solution for Java, the de facto standard implementation of the https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/persistence-jsp.html[Java Persistence API] (now also known as https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/4.0/[Jakarta Persistence]), https://jakarta.ee/specifications/query/1.0/[Jakarta Query], and https://jakarta.ee/specifications/data/1.1/[Jakarta Data].

Hibernate exposes relational data in a natural and type safe form,

• making it easy to write complex queries and work with their results,
• letting the program easily synchronize changes made in memory with the database,
• respecting the ACID properties of transactions,
• automatically handling temporal data and audit logging,
• taking care of multi-tenancy and row-level security,
• and allowing performance optimizations to be made after the basic persistence logic has already been written.

Hibernate is the best way for a program written in Java to take advantage of the power of the relational model, and of the expressivity of SQL, without sacrificing performance or code reuse.

See https://hibernate.org/orm/[hibernate.org] for more information.

== Getting started

Documentation for Hibernate ORM is available at:

https://hibernate.org/orm/documentation

https://github.com/hibernate/hibernate-orm/blob/main/documentation/src/main/asciidoc/introduction/Configuration.adoc[This page] explains how to include Hibernate ORM in a Java project and configure a connection to the database.

== Building from sources

The build requires at least JDK 25, and produces Java 17 bytecode.

Hibernate uses https://gradle.org[Gradle] as its build tool. See the Gradle Primer section below if you're new to
Gradle.

Contributors should read the link:CONTRIBUTING.md[Contributing Guide].

See the guides for setting up https://hibernate.org/community/contribute/intellij-idea/[IntelliJ] or
https://hibernate.org/community/contribute/eclipse-ide/[Eclipse] as your development environment.

== Gradle Primer

The Gradle build tool has excellent documentation.

• https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/userguide_single.html[Gradle User Guide] is a typical user guide in that
  it follows a topical approach to describing all of the capabilities of Gradle.
• https://docs.gradle.org/current/dsl/index.html[Gradle DSL Guide] is unique and excellent in quickly
  getting up to speed on certain aspects of Gradle.

Here we summarize the features you'll need to get started in this project.

NOTE: The project has a https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/gradle_wrapper.html[Gradle Wrapper].
The rest of the section will assume execution via the wrapper.

=== Executing Tasks

To print a list of available build tasks, execute:

---

./gradlew tasks

To execute a task across all modules, simply execute the task from the root directory.

---

cd hibernate-orm
./gradlew build

Gradle visits each subproject and executes the task if the subproject defines it.

To execute a task in a specific module, either:

• cd into that module directory and execute the task, or
• explicitly qualify the task name with the name of the module.

For example, to run the tests for the hibernate-core module from the root directory you could type:

---

./gradlew hibernate-core:test

=== Common tasks

The common tasks you might use in building Hibernate include:

build :: Assembles (jars) and tests this project
compile :: Performs all compilation tasks including staging resources from both main and test
jar :: Generates a jar archive with all the compiled classes
test :: Runs the tests
publishToMavenLocal or pTML :: Installs the project jar to your local Maven cache at ~/.m2/repository. Note that Gradle never uses this, but it can be useful for testing a build with other local Maven-based builds.
clean :: Cleans the build directory

== Testing and databases

Testing Hibernate against an embedded h2 database is easy.
Just run:

---

./gradlew test

To run against another database:

1. <<start-test-database,start the database>> using podman or docker, and then
2. run the tests with the correct <<profiles,profile>> for that database.

=== Using profiles [[profiles]]

The Hibernate build defines several database testing profiles in local.databases.gradle.
A profile may be activated by name using the db build property which can be passed either:

• as a JVM system property -Ddb=..., or
• as a Gradle project property -Pdb=....

Examples below use the Gradle project property.

---

gradle clean build -Pdb=postgresql

To run a test from your IDE, you need to ensure the property expansions happen.
Use the following command:

---

gradle clean compile -Pdb=postgresql

NOTE: To run tests against a JDBC driver that is not available via Maven central, add the driver to your local Maven repository (~/.m2/repository) or to a personal Maven repository server.

=== Starting a test database as a container [[start-test-database]]

If podman or docker is installed, there's no need to install any database to test Hibernate.
The script db.sh starts a preconfigured database which can be used for testing.

Simply run the following command:

---

./db.sh postgresql

Running ./db.sh without an argument prints a list of available database configurations.

By default, ./db.sh kills any previously started database.
To keep multiple databases running, use --keep-orphans or -k:

---

./db.sh -k postgresql
./db.sh -k mysql

When the database is properly started, run tests with the corresponding profile, for example, -Pdb=postgresql for PostgreSQL.
The system property dbHost configures the IP address of your docker host.

The command for running tests might look like the following:

---

./gradlew test -Pdb=postgresql "-DdbHost=192.168.99.100"

The following table illustrates a list of commands for various databases that can be tested locally.

|===
|Database |Start database |Run tests

H2
./gradlew test -Pdb=h2

HSQLDB
./gradlew test -Pdb=hsqldb

Apache Derby
./gradlew test -Pdb=derby

|MySQL
|./db.sh mysql
|./gradlew test -Pdb=mysql

|MariaDB
|./db.sh mariadb
|./gradlew test -Pdb=mariadb

|PostgreSQL
|./db.sh postgresql
|./gradlew test -Pdb=postgresql

|EnterpriseDB
|./db.sh edb
|./gradlew test -Pdb=edb

|Oracle
|./db.sh oracle
|./gradlew test -Pdb=oracle

|DB2
|./db.sh db2
|./gradlew test -Pdb=db2

|SQL Server
|./db.sh mssql
|./gradlew test -Pdb=mssql

|Sybase ASE (jTDS)
|./db.sh sybase
|./gradlew test -Pdb=sybase

|Sybase ASE (jConnect)
|./db.sh sybase
|./gradlew test -Pdb=sybase_jconn

|SAP HANA
|./db.sh hana
|./gradlew test -Pdb=hana

|CockroachDB
|./db.sh cockroachdb
|./gradlew test -Pdb=cockroachdb

|TiDB
|./db.sh tidb
|./gradlew test -Pdb=tidb

|Informix
|./db.sh informix
|./gradlew test -Pdb=informix

|Spanner PostgreSQL
|./db.sh spanner_pg
|./gradlew test -Pdb=spannerpgsql

|CUBRID
|./db.sh cubrid
|./gradlew test -Pdb=cubrid
|===

Stopping a test database

To stop a container, use the stop command.
For example:

[source]

podman stop mariadb

Substitute docker for podman if appropriate.

== Continuous Integration

See link:MAINTAINERS.md#ci[MAINTAINERS.md] for information about CI.